|
中國(guó)的司法體制（招股說明書節(jié)選）
根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)憲法》及《中華人民共和國(guó)人民法院組織法》，司法體系由最高人民法
院、地方各級(jí)人民法院、軍事法院及其它特別人民法院組成。地方各級(jí)人民法院由基層人民法院、中級(jí)人民法院及高級(jí)人民法院組成。基層人民法院由民事、刑事、經(jīng)濟(jì)及行政法庭組成。中級(jí)人民法院與基層人民法院的結(jié)構(gòu)類似，并進(jìn)一步分成其它特別法庭，如知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法庭等。高級(jí)人民法院對(duì)基層人民法院及中級(jí)人民法院進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。人民檢察院亦有權(quán)對(duì)同級(jí)及下級(jí)人民法院的民事訴訟行使法律監(jiān)督權(quán)。最高人民法院為中國(guó)的最高司法機(jī)構(gòu)，具體監(jiān)督所有人民法院的司法工作。
人民法院采用兩審終審制度。當(dāng)事人可以就地方人民法院的判決或裁定向上一級(jí)人民法院上
訴。同一級(jí)法院及上一級(jí)法院作出的二審判決或裁定屬終局裁決。最高人民法院的一審判決或裁定亦屬終局裁決。但是，倘最高人民法院或上一級(jí)人民法院發(fā)現(xiàn)下級(jí)人民法院作出的已生效判決存在錯(cuò)誤，或人民法院院長(zhǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)本院所作出的已生效判決存在錯(cuò)誤，則可根據(jù)審判監(jiān)督程序重新進(jìn)行審理。
一九九一年四月九日頒布的《中華人民共和國(guó)民事訴訟法》規(guī)定了提起民事訴訟、人民法院管
轄權(quán)、進(jìn)行民事訴訟須遵守的程序及民事判決或裁定執(zhí)行程序的各項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)境內(nèi)的民事訴訟各方當(dāng)事人須遵守《中華人民共和國(guó)民事訴訟法》。一般而言，民事案件首先由被告所在省市的地方法院審理。合同各方亦可通過明示的同意選擇提起民事訴訟的司法權(quán)區(qū)，但該司法權(quán)區(qū)應(yīng)為原告或被告的居住地、合同簽署或履行地或行為目標(biāo)的所在地。但在任何情況下，上述選擇均不得違反級(jí)別司法管轄權(quán)及專屬司法管轄權(quán)的規(guī)定。
外國(guó)個(gè)人或外國(guó)企業(yè)一般與中國(guó)公民或法人具有同樣的訴訟權(quán)利及義務(wù)。倘外國(guó)司法制度限制
中國(guó)公民及企業(yè)的訴訟權(quán)利，則中國(guó)法院可以對(duì)該國(guó)在中國(guó)的公民及企業(yè)套用同樣的限制。倘民事訴訟一方當(dāng)事人拒絕在中國(guó)遵守人民法院作出的判決或裁定或仲裁小組作出的裁決，則受害方可以申請(qǐng)人民法院執(zhí)行該判決、裁定或裁決。申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行的權(quán)利有時(shí)間限制。倘爭(zhēng)議當(dāng)事人至少有一方為個(gè)人，則申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行的時(shí)間限制為一年。倘爭(zhēng)議雙方均屬法人或其它機(jī)構(gòu)，則申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行的時(shí)間限制為六個(gè)月。倘一方當(dāng)事人未能在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)履行法院判決，則法院將可以經(jīng)任何當(dāng)事人申請(qǐng)，依法強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行該判決。
當(dāng)事人尋求對(duì)不在中國(guó)且在中國(guó)不擁有財(cái)產(chǎn)的一方執(zhí)行人民法院作出的判決或裁定時(shí)，可以申
請(qǐng)有正式管轄權(quán)的外國(guó)法院承認(rèn)并執(zhí)行該判決或裁定。倘中國(guó)與相關(guān)外國(guó)締結(jié)或參加關(guān)于相互承認(rèn)及執(zhí)行的國(guó)際條約或倘根據(jù)互惠原則有關(guān)判決滿足法院的審查，則外國(guó)判決亦可由人民法院根據(jù)中國(guó)執(zhí)行程序予以承認(rèn)及執(zhí)行，除非人民法院發(fā)現(xiàn)承認(rèn)或執(zhí)行該判決或裁定將導(dǎo)致違反中國(guó)的基本法律原則、主權(quán)或安全或不符合社會(huì)及公共利益。
Under the PRC Constitution and the Law of Organisation of the People’s Courts, the judicial system is made up of the Supreme People’s Court, the local people’s courts, military courts and other special people’s courts. The local people’s courts are comprised of the basic people’s courts, the intermediate people’s courts and the higher people’s courts. The basic people’s courts are organised into civil, criminal, economic and administrative divisions. The intermediate people’s courts are organised into divisions similar to those of the basic people’s courts, and are further organised into other special divisions, such as the intellectual property division. The higher level people’s courts supervise the basic and intermediate people’s courts. The people’s procuratorates also have the right to exercise legal supervision over the civil proceedings of people’s courts of the same level and lower levels. The Supreme People’s Court is the highest judicial body in the PRC. It supervises the administration of justice by all of the people’s courts. The people’s courts employ a two-tier appellate system. A party may appeal against a judgement or order of a local people’s court to the people’s court at the next higher level. Second judgements or orders given at the same level and at the next higher level are final. First judgements or orders of the Supreme People’s Court are also final. If, however, the Supreme People’s Court or a people’s court at a higher level finds an error in a judgement which has been given in any people’s court at a lower level, or the presiding judge of a people’s court finds an error in a judgement which has been given in the court over which he presides, the case may then be retried according to the judicial supervision procedures.
The Civil Procedure Law of the PRC, which was adopted on April 9, 1991, sets forth the
criteria for instituting a civil action, the jurisdiction of the people’s courts, the procedures to be followed for conducting a civil action and the procedures for enforcement of a civil judgement or order. All parties to a civil action conducted within the PRC must comply with the Civil Procedure Law. Generally, a civil case is initially heard by a local court of the municipality or province in which the defendant resides. The parties to a contract may, by express agreement, select a jurisdiction where civil actions may be brought, provided that the jurisdiction is either the plaintiff’s or the defendant’s place of residence, the place of execution or implementation of the contract or the object of the action. However, such selection can not violate the stipulations of grade jurisdiction and exclusive jurisdiction in any case.
A foreign individual or enterprise generally has the same litigation rights and obligations as a
citizen or legal person of the PRC. If a foreign country’s judicial system limits the litigation rights of PRC citizens and enterprises, the PRC courts may apply the same limitations to the citizens and enterprises of that foreign country within the PRC. If any party to a civil action refuses to comply with a judgement or order made by a people’s court or an award granted by an arbitration panel in the PRC, the aggrieved party may apply to the people’s court to request for enforcement of the judgement, order or award. There are time limits imposed on the right to apply for such enforcement. If at least one of the parties to the dispute is an individual, the time limit is one year.
If both parties to the dispute are legal persons or other institutions, the time limit is six months. If a person fails to satisfy a judgement made by the court within the stipulated time, the court will, upon application by either party, mandatorily enforce the judgement.
A party seeking to enforce a judgement or order of a people’s court against a party who is not
located within the PRC and does not own any property in the PRC may apply to a foreign court with proper jurisdiction for recognition and enforcement of the judgement or order. A foreign judgement or ruling may also be recognised and enforced by the people’s court according to the PRC enforcement procedures if the PRC has entered into, or acceded to, an international treaty with the relevant foreign country, which provides for such recognition and enforcement, or if the judgement or ruling satisfies the court’s examination according to the principle of reciprocity, unless the people’s court finds that the recognition or enforcement of such judgement or ruling will result in a violation of the basic legal principles of the PRC, its sovereignty or security, or for reasons of social and public interests |
